The 4G/LTE rainbow
To understand the way carriers are delivering amazing speeds across their 4G networks, it's important to be across a few new phrases. With a basic sense of how the range of technologies fit together, you'll be able to quickly cut through the jargon and see what's going on.
LTE: This stands for Long Term Evolution and is, at least colloquially, often used interchangeably with 4G. There are some technical differences, but when you're comparing speed offerings in Australia, you'll find both getting used by the telcos.
Spectrum: The radio waves that send and receive our phone data have to stick to specific radio frequencies. In Australia, mobile broadband operates between the 700MHz and 2,600MHz bands of the wireless spectrum. The 700MHz band was previously occupied by free-to-air TV and was only opened up for mobile broadband in 2014.
The lower frequencies, down near the 700MHz band, give better signal penetration, offering stronger coverage in buildings, carparks, elevators and the like. The higher frequencies up toward the 2,600MHz band have a higher capacity for data.
Carrier Aggregation: This is a major component of LTE-Advanced, more commonly referred to as LTE-A. Carrier aggregation uses multiple bands of a 4G service to speed up data transfers. There are a couple of methods of doing this, called FDD and TDD.
FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing, often called FD, a method of carrier aggregation where data is transferred across multiple bands. For example, Telstra combine the 700MHz and 1,800MHz bands to deliver 4G data in some areas.
TDD:Time Division Duplexing, also TD, doesn't aggregate different bands, but instead uses time allotments on the same frequency to achieve a similar speed boost. Optus uses TDD on its 2,300MHz band.
Category X Device:The speed you experience isn't just about the what the network can offer, it's also about what your mobile device can accept. Category 6 devices, for example, can get a theoretical maximum of 300Mbps, while Category 4 devices get 150Mbps. The higher the Category number, the faster the speeds. Category devices are often shorted to 'Cat', so you may see Category 6 devices labelled as Cat 6.
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